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SUPERIOR LONGTERM RUST PROTECTION
THROUGH COMPOSITE HIGH TECHNOLOGY
EVERLAST® C. A. R. O. L.

Holger Blum Speech held on the occasion of
EVERLAST® World Association Congress
on September 21th 1997 in Zurich

ABSTRACT:
The steadily expanding industrialisation in many countries of the world requires a
constantly growing demand regarding corrosion protection on steel constructions.
The same needs apply to the modern offshore technology in coastal areas and equally
concern the worldwide shipping industry.

As technology is brought into further and further harsh territories, we must take new
measures to protect technological installation exposed to weather and their
environment.

Conventional protection systems, proven sufficient in the past, can no longer meet
todays high requirement for steel corrosion protection.
In the course of discussions and by respecting legal environmental guidelines, we
find ourselves in a totally new situation : Increasingly urgent evaluations and options
arise to create a corrosion protection adapted to our current environment. There is a
strong worldwide endeavour of course to manufacture non-toxic coating material
which on application give minimal emissions.

• No more use of rust inhibitor paint containing toxic lead and chrome compounds.
• Meet stringent conditions of minimal time required for on-site application.
• Product suitable to be applied the whole year round, even in cold and damp weather

WHAT IS RUST ?
There is a saying, that science compares iron corrosion to world economy :
- You can explain it all, but not predict a thing .-
Nevertheless there are facts :

Steel can only be welded, when its copper contents lies above 0,25%. Next to other,
also present foreign atoms, these minute amounts of copper atoms represent local
galvanic elements on the steel surface, and whenever water and air are present, they
induce the formation of rust.

Even a surface appearing clean after sanding and other polishing will still possess
a thin layer of iron oxide, enough for water to adher. In dry air this oxide layer
contains water in the quantity of approx 2 g/m2, in humid near ice melting point
the oxide layer contains approx. 20g water per square meter surface and on a rain
covered steel surface approximalety 200 grams/m2 of water are adhering.
Atmospheric corrosion of unprotected steel is induced by the above mentioned
tiny local elements whose surface area is only a fraction of a square millimeter.

The iron oxide layer develops on blank metal extremely fast- and in the beginning
invisible to the eye!
For example at 18 degrees Celsius it grows to a thickness of 10 nanometres
whithin only 2 minutes.
Though the definition of "blank metal " is relativ here.

MICROPHOTOGRAPHS Microphotographic study shows the following:
Even iron surfaces, sanded and polished and seamingly without rust, still habour
numerous rust particles - to be compared to an off shore lagoon. From the surface
these " rusty caves " are only accessible via narrow channels, and whenever humidity
and air migrate into these corrosive spots they start their rust production.

Visible exterior rust formation only occurs at a relative humidity of 60 to 70 %.
Iron does not easily rust in dry air. The rusting process speeds up as humidity
levels rise above 65 %.

CAUSES OF RUST When humidity is high, visible rusting on an iron surface starts in form of dots.
In dry air it forms strings. This process continues undisturbed until the attacked
steel structure totally breaks down into rust. This causes a worldwide yearly
damage of several hundred billion dollars because:

Metallic iron - made by the iron ore smelt process - has the tendency to reconvert
itself into its natural lower-energy oxidised state i.e. it will turn into rust , whenever
exposed to humidty and oxygen. In the northern hemisphere. apiece of blank iron
metal, left in the open air, develops rust within a few minutes, the reaction rate
depends on how high is the humidity and how polluted is the surrounding air.

On local galvanic elements, which form the cathode : H2O + 1/2 O2 + 2e---> 2 OH-
On local galvanic elements, which form the anode : Fe ---> Fe 2+ + 2 e
Thus the intermediate product iron(II)hydroxide reacts in the following equation:

Fe2+ + 2 OH- ----> Fe(OH)2 (white rust )
adding water and oxygen, we get brown rust :
2 Fe(OH)2 + 1/2 O2 ----> 2 Fe=O-OH + H2O (brown rust ) , which means :

white rust => Fe(OH)2
brown rust => Fe2O3 • (H20)y
black rust => Fe3O4 (the most stable condition)

Can brown rust firmly adhere on the iron metal suface ? No, the lattice constant of
metallic iron is 2,68Å , the one of the Fe2O3-crystal is 8,3Å. The gap between
these lattice constants is much to wide for a build-up of a permanently adhering
homogenous protective layer.

FAULTY COATINGS
We do have very effective and long lasting rust prevention primers. Bridges, ships
and other steel construction can be sufficiently protected with toxic red lead
oxide/linseed oil paint.

Since a red lead oxide pigment is able to absorb minute amounts of chloride and
sulfate ions these primers to a certain degree also impart chemical protection.
However with red lead paints there is the almost unsolvable problem of the toxic
waste when later on the paint has to be renewed.

Sand-blasting causes environmental pollution and creates enormous waste disposal
expenses because of the generated toxic dust contaminated with lead and chromium
compounds.

With high levels of sulfurous acid in the air, as existing in certain industrialised areas,
rust prevention primers are useless unless the paint contains additives capable to
form insoluble compounds with the polluting chemicals from the air. One problem
is: sulphuric acid does destroy the relative weak bonds between the inhibitor in the
paint and the iron-oxid surface of the steel. Zincoxide as well as cation and/or anion
exchange resins have been proposed as hydrolytic inhibitors and acid scavengers
but so far known with little long term practical effect.

From the environment, chloride - mostly as sodium chloride - and sulfate ions
slowly migrate into any preventive paint film and finally reach the steel/pigment
interface thereby eliminating the protective capability of the inhibitor pigment.
Blister formation in a paint film occurs when more than 100 to 500 milligrams of
chloride per square meter steel suface have accumulated by means of the above
mentioned migration process.

Sulfate ions also generate blisters when its surface
concentration exeeds more than 1000 to 2500 milligrams per square meter. In acid
industrial air steel slightly covered with rust already has a surface concentration of
ferrous sulfate of more than 1000 milligrams per square meter.

Paint films containing migrated sodium choride show a drastically lowered
electrical resistance leading to voluminous rust formation underneath the blistered
coating. Loss of adhesion is the common failure mode of conventional lead-and
chromate free anti-rust paints since they only adhere to steel by a reversible
chemisorption process.

Cathodic protection of steel by zinc dusts paints can be very effective in protecting
steel with non-intact films against corrosion. These highly zinc filled coatings have
to be microporous in order to permit the necessary electical contact between the zinc
particles and between zinc and steel.

The zinc becomes the anode and the steel the cathode of an electrolytic cell, hence
the zinc acts as a sacrificial metal to protect the steel.
These zinc dust primers must be protected by a latex paint as top coat.
The setback in this quite safe rust prevention method is the lack of dynamic ad-
hesion of the brittle zinc dust layer and it is therefore not recommended for use
on vibrating steel structures.

KEY TO DURABILITY
As mentioned above, various mineral oxides have by nature the tendency to
corrode and only by applying energy can they be reconverted into their basic
metals. At ambient temperature mineral oxides are more stable than metals,
because of their being in a state of lower energy. It is this fact that causes iron
to be found in nature always in the form of iron oxide - metallic iron is hardly to
be found on this planet.

Certain basalt minerals contain traces of microscopic small particles of metallic
iron. On the island of Disco in Greenland iron , together with cobalt and nickel
is found in lumps of several hundred kilograms. Metallic iron is also ingredient
of some meteorites.

In whatever place, may it be industrial or human environment or plain nature,
iron has the inevitable habit of turning into rust, a process that can only be stopped
by using a high-performance coating.

Recently, classic primers that gave use of active corrosion protection pigments
have run into severe setbacks. For one thing there have been environmental
problems, for another thing there is a rapid rise of corrosion inducing subtances
in the atmosphere e.g . sulfur dioxide. The higher need for using sodium chloride
as de-icing substance as well as progress in industrial marine technology in recent
years has significantly reduced the effectiveness of conventional anti-corrosion
paints.

Research done by Prof. Funke and other scientists has shown that the key factor
by which anti-corrosion paints fail is due to their loss of " wet adhesion ". This
definition describes the adhesion of a base-coat to a metal substrate when immersed
in water or exposed to high humidity over a given period of time.
Now the wet adhesion problem can be solved by applying EVERLAST®
C.A.R.O.L. a patented nontoxic high- tech anti-corrosion coating.

By painting or spraying the blank steel surface with low-viscosity FIX-IT,within
a few minutes an iron organic chemical bond is formed at ambient temperature.
FIX-IT penetrates even into the tiniest fissures and micro cracks of the steel
surface. The thickness of this passivating, fast crosslinking protective FIX-IT
film is only fractions of one thousands of a millimeter .

Using the FIX-IT/EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L combination instead of conventional
paints, creates a chemical bond to the steel surface which is hundred to
thousandfold times more resistant against wet adhesion failure .

FIX-IT:
PRIMER OF THE
PRIMER The process of rusting in he open air is immediately supressed when applying
FIX-IT. This is of special value when after sand-blasting the steel parts are stored
separately for some hours, before being coated with EVERLAST´®C.A.R.O.L.
FIX-IT creates on the iron metal surface a hardy, heat-resistant oriented film. This
means that one metal-active part of the individual molecule forms a chemical bond
with the iron below. The other active part of the FIX-IT molecule is oriented
towards the air and able to react chemically within a few minutes time with the
top coat film of EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L.

In this way a true steel-organic composite rust protection system of superior
durability has been created. As mentioned before, no properly primed metal surface
can corrode unless there a is loss of adhesion. Using FIX-IT therefore represents a
lasting lifetime-insurance for any steel surfaces to be rust procted. The application
of EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. creates a rust penetrating barrier layer on the iron
surface, protecting it from damage by mechanical impacts, scratches or chemical
environmetal corrosion.

When time consuming muliple coating procedures must be avoided and inde-
pendence from uncertain weather conditions has to be maintained then
EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L is the recommended material of choice.Due to its
extremely low content in volatiles it is possible to obtain 120 to 250 µ final
film thickness with only one layer of EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L applied .

LONG-TERM
RUSTPROTECTION It should be stated here that EVERLAST® C.A.R.O.L. is not an ordinary rust
primer. The word C.A.R.O.L. stands for COMPOSITE ANTI RUST ORGANIC
LINER, which means a special barrier coating of extremely high mechanical
resistance.Active leaf-shaped barrier pigments in EVERLAST® C.A.R.O.L
form the strength reinforcing backbone of an extra strong composite coating
film.

Like in a scale- amour the leafing pigments shield the steel underneath from the
outside world. Humidity and harmful salts which are able to slowly migrate
through conventional paint films, now not only face a much longer path before
reaching the iron surface, the harmful migrants are also effectively trapped and
immobilized by EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L.

The EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. coating does not contain tar, chlorine compounds
or any plastizisers, thereby effectively suppressing the diffusion of water and
oxygen.Crosslinking of the wet film is very fast and proceeds between 25 to 99%
relative humidity. This quick drying (chemical crosslinking) of the wet film - even
at freezing point temperatures - guaranties shortest intervals of application. Sub-
aqeous rust priming can be effected during low tide.

Steel for live steam, underwater and blue water service (i.e. ship hulls) should
always be top-coatet with tar-expoxy or similar coats to preserve the the strong
electro-passivation effect of EVERLAST® C.A.R.R.O.L.

The active protective mechanism of the EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. film easily
self-cures small injuries and coating imperfections.

Thus using EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. is of advantage when steel structures have
to be transported from one site to the other before being assembled. Impervious
against weather and environment pollution EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. imparts
enormeous protection against seawater, oils, fats and fuels.

When for reasons of stringent time schedules it is necessary to apply in one a day
only a multiple layer thick film coating, EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L is the material
of choice which will achieve the desired long term rust protection.

It is its 4-fold anti rust protection and its low cost application which puts
EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. into t h e tremendous economic advantage.

FIGURES

LITERATURE-
CHRONOLOGY Dr. W. Kronsbein " 7 year tests on submarine rust prevention coating "
Materials Testlaboratory of the Navy Warft Wilhelmshaven, 1942. (Ger)

M.J. Pryor " Passivating of steel " NATURE , London 1951 Vol. 167 p. 156

Brushwell William " Quality improvement for preventive-and special-function paints
" FARBE + LACK 1982 p. 541 (Ger)

Prof. Dr. W. Funke " Environmental-friendly corrosion protection "
FARBE + LACK 1983 p. 86 (Ger)

Governmental Testinstitute : County of Nordrhein Westfalen 1983
Research Institute : Sodium chloride deposits on anti-corrosion coatings on reinforcing
bridge structures. (Ger)

National Central Railroad Office Munich 1984
" Testing lead-and chromate-free base-coats " (Ger)

Funke, W. Prof. Dr. (Inst. Techn. Chem.Univ. Stuttgart )
" The role of adhesion in corrosion protection by organic coatings "
J. Oil Colour Chem. Assoc. 1985, 68(9), p. 229-32

Dipl.Chem. Dieter Schüler " Innovative underwater coatings "
FARBE + LACK 1987 p. 193 (Ger)

Prof. Dr. W. Funke : Researchinstitute for Pigments and Paints, Stuttgart
"Pre-treatment of metal surfaces with thin organic adhesive coatings "
FARBE + LACK 1987 p. 721(Ger)

J.W. Brockbank : " Offshore Applications of Polymers ; Report # 23//RAPRA
Review Report 1989, Shawbury (UK)

Erich V. Schmid " Exterior paints for building structures - , lifespan under environmental
influences " BAUVERLAG, Berlin 1994 (Ger)

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS " Waterborne, High Solids & Radcure Technologies"
November 96 Frankfurt a. M. / Paint Research Association (PRA)
Teddington (UK)

Prof. Dr. Strathmann "The decisive happens at the interface paint/steel "
FARBE + LACK 1996 p. 86

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS " Protecting Industrial and Marine Structures with
Coatings " March 97 The Hague / Paint Research Association (PRA)
Teddington (UK)

Addendum:

Dr. G. Steinbeck ; Dr. G. Sussek " Vergleichende Beurteilung neuartiger umweltgerechter
Korrosionsschutzsysteme für den Stahlbau durch Langzeitlagerungen und Laboruntersuchungen"
< Comparison (laboratory plus long term outdoor exposure) of environmetal-friendly anti-rust
coatings for use in steel construction>
1999 EUROPEAN COMMISSION - technische forschung stahl - EUR 18799 DE


SUPERIOR LONGTERM RUST PROTECTION THROUGH COMPOSITE HIGH TECHNOLOGY EVERLAST® C. A. R. O. L.

Holger Blum		Speech held on the occasion of EVERLAST® World Association Congress on September 21th 1997 in Zurich
ABSTRACT:		The steadily expanding industrialisation in many countries of the world requires a constantly growing demand regarding corrosion protection on steel constructions. The same needs apply to the modern offshore technology in coastal areas and equally concern the worldwide shipping industry. As technology is brought into further and further harsh territories, we must take new measures to protect technological installation exposed to weather and their environment. Conventional protection systems, proven sufficient in the past, can no longer meet todays high requirement for steel corrosion protection. In the course of discussions and by respecting legal environmental guidelines, we find ourselves in a totally new situation : Increasingly urgent evaluations and options arise to create a corrosion protection adapted to our current environment. There is a strong worldwide endeavour of course to manufacture non-toxic coating material which on application give minimal emissions. • No more use of rust inhibitor paint containing toxic lead and chrome compounds. • Meet stringent conditions of minimal time required for on-site application. • Product suitable to be applied the whole year round, even in cold and damp weather
WHAT IS RUST ?		There is a saying, that science compares iron corrosion to world economy : - You can explain it all, but not predict a thing .- Nevertheless there are facts : Steel can only be welded, when its copper contents lies above 0,25%. Next to other, also present foreign atoms, these minute amounts of copper atoms represent local galvanic elements on the steel surface, and whenever water and air are present, they induce the formation of rust. Even a surface appearing clean after sanding and other polishing will still possess a thin layer of iron oxide, enough for water to adher. In dry air this oxide layer contains water in the quantity of approx 2 g/m2, in humid near ice melting point the oxide layer contains approx. 20g water per square meter surface and on a rain covered steel surface approximalety 200 grams/m2 of water are adhering. Atmospheric corrosion of unprotected steel is induced by the above mentioned tiny local elements whose surface area is only a fraction of a square millimeter. The iron oxide layer develops on blank metal extremely fast- and in the beginning invisible to the eye! For example at 18 degrees Celsius it grows to a thickness of 10 nanometres whithin only 2 minutes. Though the definition of "blank metal " is relativ here.

MICROPHOTOGRAPHS		Microphotographic study shows the following: Even iron surfaces, sanded and polished and seamingly without rust, still habour numerous rust particles - to be compared to an off shore lagoon. From the surface these " rusty caves " are only accessible via narrow channels, and whenever humidity and air migrate into these corrosive spots they start their rust production. Visible exterior rust formation only occurs at a relative humidity of 60 to 70 %. Iron does not easily rust in dry air. The rusting process speeds up as humidity levels rise above 65 %.
CAUSES OF RUST		When humidity is high, visible rusting on an iron surface starts in form of dots. In dry air it forms strings. This process continues undisturbed until the attacked steel structure totally breaks down into rust. This causes a worldwide yearly damage of several hundred billion dollars because: Metallic iron - made by the iron ore smelt process - has the tendency to reconvert itself into its natural lower-energy oxidised state i.e. it will turn into rust , whenever exposed to humidty and oxygen. In the northern hemisphere. apiece of blank iron metal, left in the open air, develops rust within a few minutes, the reaction rate depends on how high is the humidity and how polluted is the surrounding air. On local galvanic elements, which form the cathode : H2O + 1/2 O2 + 2e---> 2 OH- On local galvanic elements, which form the anode : Fe ---> Fe 2+ + 2 e Thus the intermediate product iron(II)hydroxide reacts in the following equation: Fe2+ + 2 OH- ----> Fe(OH)2 (white rust ) adding water and oxygen, we get brown rust : 2 Fe(OH)2 + 1/2 O2 ----> 2 Fe=O-OH + H2O (brown rust ) , which means : white rust => Fe(OH)2 brown rust => Fe2O3 • (H20)y black rust => Fe3O4 (the most stable condition) Can brown rust firmly adhere on the iron metal suface ? No, the lattice constant of metallic iron is 2,68Å , the one of the Fe2O3-crystal is 8,3Å. The gap between these lattice constants is much to wide for a build-up of a permanently adhering homogenous protective layer.
FAULTY COATINGS		We do have very effective and long lasting rust prevention primers. Bridges, ships and other steel construction can be sufficiently protected with toxic red lead oxide/linseed oil paint. Since a red lead oxide pigment is able to absorb minute amounts of chloride and sulfate ions these primers to a certain degree also impart chemical protection. However with red lead paints there is the almost unsolvable problem of the toxic waste when later on the paint has to be renewed. Sand-blasting causes environmental pollution and creates enormous waste disposal expenses because of the generated toxic dust contaminated with lead and chromium compounds. With high levels of sulfurous acid in the air, as existing in certain industrialised areas, rust prevention primers are useless unless the paint contains additives capable to form insoluble compounds with the polluting chemicals from the air. One problem is: sulphuric acid does destroy the relative weak bonds between the inhibitor in the paint and the iron-oxid surface of the steel. Zincoxide as well as cation and/or anion exchange resins have been proposed as hydrolytic inhibitors and acid scavengers but so far known with little long term practical effect. From the environment, chloride - mostly as sodium chloride - and sulfate ions slowly migrate into any preventive paint film and finally reach the steel/pigment interface thereby eliminating the protective capability of the inhibitor pigment. Blister formation in a paint film occurs when more than 100 to 500 milligrams of chloride per square meter steel suface have accumulated by means of the above mentioned migration process. Sulfate ions also generate blisters when its surface concentration exeeds more than 1000 to 2500 milligrams per square meter. In acid industrial air steel slightly covered with rust already has a surface concentration of ferrous sulfate of more than 1000 milligrams per square meter. Paint films containing migrated sodium choride show a drastically lowered electrical resistance leading to voluminous rust formation underneath the blistered coating. Loss of adhesion is the common failure mode of conventional lead-and chromate free anti-rust paints since they only adhere to steel by a reversible chemisorption process. Cathodic protection of steel by zinc dusts paints can be very effective in protecting steel with non-intact films against corrosion. These highly zinc filled coatings have to be microporous in order to permit the necessary electical contact between the zinc particles and between zinc and steel. The zinc becomes the anode and the steel the cathode of an electrolytic cell, hence the zinc acts as a sacrificial metal to protect the steel. These zinc dust primers must be protected by a latex paint as top coat. The setback in this quite safe rust prevention method is the lack of dynamic ad- hesion of the brittle zinc dust layer and it is therefore not recommended for use on vibrating steel structures.
KEY TO DURABILITY		As mentioned above, various mineral oxides have by nature the tendency to corrode and only by applying energy can they be reconverted into their basic metals. At ambient temperature mineral oxides are more stable than metals, because of their being in a state of lower energy. It is this fact that causes iron to be found in nature always in the form of iron oxide - metallic iron is hardly to be found on this planet. Certain basalt minerals contain traces of microscopic small particles of metallic iron. On the island of Disco in Greenland iron , together with cobalt and nickel is found in lumps of several hundred kilograms. Metallic iron is also ingredient of some meteorites. In whatever place, may it be industrial or human environment or plain nature, iron has the inevitable habit of turning into rust, a process that can only be stopped by using a high-performance coating. Recently, classic primers that gave use of active corrosion protection pigments have run into severe setbacks. For one thing there have been environmental problems, for another thing there is a rapid rise of corrosion inducing subtances in the atmosphere e.g . sulfur dioxide. The higher need for using sodium chloride as de-icing substance as well as progress in industrial marine technology in recent years has significantly reduced the effectiveness of conventional anti-corrosion paints. Research done by Prof. Funke and other scientists has shown that the key factor by which anti-corrosion paints fail is due to their loss of " wet adhesion ". This definition describes the adhesion of a base-coat to a metal substrate when immersed in water or exposed to high humidity over a given period of time. Now the wet adhesion problem can be solved by applying EVERLAST® C.A.R.O.L. a patented nontoxic high- tech anti-corrosion coating. By painting or spraying the blank steel surface with low-viscosity FIX-IT,within a few minutes an iron organic chemical bond is formed at ambient temperature. FIX-IT penetrates even into the tiniest fissures and micro cracks of the steel surface. The thickness of this passivating, fast crosslinking protective FIX-IT film is only fractions of one thousands of a millimeter . Using the FIX-IT/EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L combination instead of conventional paints, creates a chemical bond to the steel surface which is hundred to thousandfold times more resistant against wet adhesion failure .
FIX-IT: PRIMER OF THE PRIMER		The process of rusting in he open air is immediately supressed when applying FIX-IT. This is of special value when after sand-blasting the steel parts are stored separately for some hours, before being coated with EVERLAST´®C.A.R.O.L. FIX-IT creates on the iron metal surface a hardy, heat-resistant oriented film. This means that one metal-active part of the individual molecule forms a chemical bond with the iron below. The other active part of the FIX-IT molecule is oriented towards the air and able to react chemically within a few minutes time with the top coat film of EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. In this way a true steel-organic composite rust protection system of superior durability has been created. As mentioned before, no properly primed metal surface can corrode unless there a is loss of adhesion. Using FIX-IT therefore represents a lasting lifetime-insurance for any steel surfaces to be rust procted. The application of EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. creates a rust penetrating barrier layer on the iron surface, protecting it from damage by mechanical impacts, scratches or chemical environmetal corrosion. When time consuming muliple coating procedures must be avoided and inde- pendence from uncertain weather conditions has to be maintained then EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L is the recommended material of choice.Due to its extremely low content in volatiles it is possible to obtain 120 to 250 µ final film thickness with only one layer of EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L applied .
LONG-TERM RUSTPROTECTION		It should be stated here that EVERLAST® C.A.R.O.L. is not an ordinary rust primer. The word C.A.R.O.L. stands for COMPOSITE ANTI RUST ORGANIC LINER, which means a special barrier coating of extremely high mechanical resistance.Active leaf-shaped barrier pigments in EVERLAST® C.A.R.O.L form the strength reinforcing backbone of an extra strong composite coating film. Like in a scale- amour the leafing pigments shield the steel underneath from the outside world. Humidity and harmful salts which are able to slowly migrate through conventional paint films, now not only face a much longer path before reaching the iron surface, the harmful migrants are also effectively trapped and immobilized by EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. The EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. coating does not contain tar, chlorine compounds or any plastizisers, thereby effectively suppressing the diffusion of water and oxygen.Crosslinking of the wet film is very fast and proceeds between 25 to 99% relative humidity. This quick drying (chemical crosslinking) of the wet film - even at freezing point temperatures - guaranties shortest intervals of application. Sub- aqeous rust priming can be effected during low tide. Steel for live steam, underwater and blue water service (i.e. ship hulls) should always be top-coatet with tar-expoxy or similar coats to preserve the the strong electro-passivation effect of EVERLAST® C.A.R.R.O.L. The active protective mechanism of the EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. film easily self-cures small injuries and coating imperfections. Thus using EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. is of advantage when steel structures have to be transported from one site to the other before being assembled. Impervious against weather and environment pollution EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. imparts enormeous protection against seawater, oils, fats and fuels. When for reasons of stringent time schedules it is necessary to apply in one a day only a multiple layer thick film coating, EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L is the material of choice which will achieve the desired long term rust protection. It is its 4-fold anti rust protection and its low cost application which puts EVERLAST®C.A.R.O.L. into t h e tremendous economic advantage.

FIGURES
LITERATURE- CHRONOLOGY		Dr. W. Kronsbein " 7 year tests on submarine rust prevention coating " Materials Testlaboratory of the Navy Warft Wilhelmshaven, 1942. (Ger) M.J. Pryor " Passivating of steel " NATURE , London 1951 Vol. 167 p. 156 Brushwell William " Quality improvement for preventive-and special-function paints " FARBE + LACK 1982 p. 541 (Ger) Prof. Dr. W. Funke " Environmental-friendly corrosion protection " FARBE + LACK 1983 p. 86 (Ger) Governmental Testinstitute : County of Nordrhein Westfalen 1983 Research Institute : Sodium chloride deposits on anti-corrosion coatings on reinforcing bridge structures. (Ger) National Central Railroad Office Munich 1984 " Testing lead-and chromate-free base-coats " (Ger) Funke, W. Prof. Dr. (Inst. Techn. Chem.Univ. Stuttgart ) " The role of adhesion in corrosion protection by organic coatings " J. Oil Colour Chem. Assoc. 1985, 68(9), p. 229-32 Dipl.Chem. Dieter Schüler " Innovative underwater coatings " FARBE + LACK 1987 p. 193 (Ger) Prof. Dr. W. Funke : Researchinstitute for Pigments and Paints, Stuttgart "Pre-treatment of metal surfaces with thin organic adhesive coatings " FARBE + LACK 1987 p. 721(Ger) J.W. Brockbank : " Offshore Applications of Polymers ; Report # 23//RAPRA Review Report 1989, Shawbury (UK) Erich V. Schmid " Exterior paints for building structures - , lifespan under environmental influences " BAUVERLAG, Berlin 1994 (Ger) CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS " Waterborne, High Solids & Radcure Technologies" November 96 Frankfurt a. M. / Paint Research Association (PRA) Teddington (UK) Prof. Dr. Strathmann "The decisive happens at the interface paint/steel " FARBE + LACK 1996 p. 86 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS " Protecting Industrial and Marine Structures with Coatings " March 97 The Hague / Paint Research Association (PRA) Teddington (UK) Addendum: Dr. G. Steinbeck ; Dr. G. Sussek " Vergleichende Beurteilung neuartiger umweltgerechter Korrosionsschutzsysteme für den Stahlbau durch Langzeitlagerungen und Laboruntersuchungen" < Comparison (laboratory plus long term outdoor exposure) of environmetal-friendly anti-rust coatings for use in steel construction> 1999 EUROPEAN COMMISSION - technische forschung stahl - EUR 18799 DE